www.Lookout.net

Here’s a short guide for those who want to know some of the relevant security technology in the new IIS7 and ASP.NET.

• Attack Surface Reduction – even more locked down than IIS6 (default disabled)
• No more metabase – it’s all about applicationHost.config which can be stored centrally on a UNC share and shared among a web farm.
• Supports compatibility mode for IIS6 and “classic mode” ASP.NET
• Support for PHP and Perl via FastCGI
• Delegated Admin to application owners.

Enough about those areas, let’s focus on these new things:

• Integrated Request Processing Pipeline
  
• ASP.NET integration right smack in the pipeline
• REQUEST FILTERING (REPLACES URLSCAN)
• IIS7 URL AUTHORIZATION
• USING ENCRYPTION TO PROTECT PASSWORDS
• THE STAGES OF A REQUEST/RESPONSE – SERVER PIPELINE

NEW Integrated request processing pipeline and WCF

The integrated request processing pipeline architecture is a huge improvement. It used to be effectively two separate server pipelines, making it near impossible for ASP.NET developers to interact with the HTTP pipeline as they’d like to do.

Windows process Activation Service (WAS) now handles communication between listener adapters and application pools. WCF (Windows Communication Foundation) everywhere – WCF services can be hosted anywhere, in a console app, a forms app, a WPF UI, and:

• IIS can host non-HTTP services, utilizing WCF through
  • Net.pipe
  • Net.tcp
  • Net.msmq
• Look forward to a lot of web services over net.tcp (think Silverlight and .Net 3.5)

The IIS6 Model:

The IIS7 Model – WAS starts up w3wp.exe and handles messaging. The following diagram illustrates the changes.

Custom Modules can extend or replace IIS functionality (replaces old ISAPI model) – such as replacing the Basic auth module with a custom authentication provider. These dll’s get stored in %WinDir%\System32\Inetsrv.

In IIS 6, HTTP modules could only be written in managed code and could only process ASP.NET requests. In IIS7, modules can be written in native code, and process any Web requests.

NEW ASP.NET Integration

ASP.NET now plugged right into the server pipeline, no more hanging off the ISAPI engine. Basically developers now have tons of power to extend request/response processing that wasn’t possible before. ASP.NET has been set free.

New collections ASP.NET now has access to:

• HttpResponse.Headers
• HttpRequest.Headers
• HttpRequest.ServerVariables

Leveraging Integrated ASP.NET mode:

• Forms-auth, Membership and Role-mapping
• ASP.NET modules and functionality now available to all content, used to be only aspx pages and other ASP.NET content-types.

Check for “preconditions” that limit ASP.NET functionality to only managed handlers.

<modules>     <add
				name="FormsAuthentication"
				type="System.Web.Security.FormsAuthenticationModule"
				            preCondition="managedHandler" />     <add
				name="UrlAuthorization"
				type="System.Web.Security.UrlAuthorizationModule"
				             preCondition="managedHandler" />

</modules>
			

Now if you remove the “precondition” (set by default) you can ensure AuthN and AuthZ is enforced for all content in the application. Otherwise only managed modules are handled.

NEW Request filtering (replaces URLScan)

Here’s a config to 1) normalize URL’s by disallowing double escaping, 2) disallow high bit characters, and 3) set a deny all file extension list.

These are set in the global applicationHost.config and can be overridden per application.

<configuration>
<system.webServer>
<security>
<requestFiltering

                    allowDoubleEscaping="false"

allowHighBitCharacters=”false”
>

    <fileExtensions
					allowUnlisted="true"
					>                 <add
					fileExtension=".asp"
					allowed="false"/>        </fileExtensions>   </requestFiltering>  </security> </system.webServer></configuration>

Control things like:

• Which VERBs are allowed
• If double encoding allowed
• High-bit ASCII allowed or not
• File extensions allowed
• URL sequences (e.g. “..”) or use to set a default “deny all” policy and include explicit directories

Microsoft Ops story from dogfooding Microsoft.com the other week:

 Gotcha for Microsoft.com: If filename includes “+” then allowDoubleEscaping must be set to “true“

 <requestFiltering allowDoubleEscaping=”true”>

 Allow or disallow specific file extensions and verbs

 <add fileExtension=”.exe” allowed=”false” />

 DenyURLSequences

 <add sequence=”./” />

 <add sequence=”/.” />

 RequestLimits

 maxAllowedContentLength=”1000000″

 maxUrl=”260″

 maxQueryString=”2048″

NEW IIS7 URL Authorization

Provides declarative access controls for the entire application – no code needed.

• Can be used with machine accounts or domain accounts
• Can be used with ASP.NET Membership and Roles and also for custom identities
• Stored in web.config files for easy distribution
• Can be configured through UI (not in ASP.NET UrlAuthorization)
• Implemented in assembly %windir%\System32\inetsrv\urlauthz.dll<add
  name=“UrlAuthorizationModule”
  image=“%windir%\System32\inetsrv\urlauthz.dll”
  />

• Applies to all content, not just .aspx or .asmx pages like the old ASP.NET UrlAuthorization
• ASP.NET UrlAuthorization was very developer focused, new IIS7 UrlAuthorization is more Administrator focused

Configuration section system.webServer/security/authorization – looks like:

<authorization
				lockElements="clear">               <add
				accessType="Deny"
				users="*"
				/></authorization>
			

• * = anonymous users ? = authenticated users
• Rules evaluated from Parent-level first, Deny rules first. With the lockElements=”clear” setting you force inheritance to lower levels so nobody can override the setting. * ASP.NET UrlAuthorization would evaluate from the bottom up, so this wouldn’t work.

NEW Using Encryption to Protect Passwords

WAS service runs as LOCALSYSTEM and needs access to identity passwords to launch Application Pools under. Still appears similar to IIS6 but there’s now a GUI and a different way of doing it. Basic steps:

• Create a new RSA key that only LOCALSYSTEM and Administrators have access to. This key will be used to encrypt passwords for every application pool. From the command line:createProvider.exe iisWasKey RsaKeyForWAS Rsa_WAS
  
• Create the application pools and encrypt their passwords. First set the default provider:setProvider.exe Rsa_WAS
  
  Then configure the application pools to run with those accounts. Take a look at applicationHost.config and you’ll see the encrypted passwords.
• Lock down the encryption providers!!! By default IIS_IUSRS has read access to the keys when they are created. Remove that access so only LOCALSYSTEM and Administrators have access.cd /d %systemroot%
  cd Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727
  aspnet_regiis.exe -pr iisWasKey IIS_IUSRS

The stages of a request/response – Server Pipeline

The stages of the server pipeline, exposed as HttpApplication events in ASP.NET:

1. BeginRequest. The request processing is starting.
2. AuthenticateRequest. The request is being authenticated. IIS and ASP.NET authentication modules subscribe to this stage to perform authentication.
3. PostAuthenticateRequest
4. AuthorizeRequest. The request is being authorized. IIS and ASP.NET authorization modules check whether the authenticated user has access to the resource being requested.
5. PostAuthorizeRequest
6. ResolveRequestCache. Cache modules can check whether the response to this request exists in the cache, and return it instead of proceeding with the rest of the execution path. Both ASP.NET Output Cache and the new IIS Output Cache features execute here.
7. PostResolveRequestCache
8. MapRequestHandler. This stage is internal in ASP.NET, and is used to determine the request handler.
9. PostMapRequestHandler
10. AcquireRequestState. The state necessary for the request execution is being fetched. ASP.NET Session State, and Profile modules obtain their data here.
11. PostAcquireRequestState
12. PreExecuteRequestHandler. Any tasks before the execution of the handler can be performed here.
13. ExecuteRequestHandler. The request handler executes here. ASPX pages, ASP pages, CGI programs, and static files are served here.
14. PostExecuteRequestHandler
15. ReleaseRequestState. The request state changes are saved, and the state is cleaned up here. ASP.NET Session State and Profile modules use this stage for cleanup.
16. PostReleaseRequestState
17. UpdateRequestCache. The response can be stored in the cache for future use here. The ASP.NET Output Cache and IIS Output Cache modules execute here to save the response to their caches.
18. PostUpdateRequestCache
19. LogRequest. This stage is used to log the results of the request, and is guaranteed to execute even if errors occur.
20. PostLogRequest
21. EndRequest. This stage is used to perform any final request cleanup, and is guaranteed to execute even if errors occur.

Checklist and Questions for Security Review

1. Did you remove access to decryption keys so that only LOCALSYSTEM and Administrators have access?
2. Did you remove the “precondition” so that ASP.NET AuthN and AuthZ applies to all content?
3. Are you creating native code HTTP modules?
   * is it Global or request-level
   Are you creating a Hosted Web Core application?
   * gets its own ApplicationHost.config separate from IIS
   * it won’t inherit IIS process monitoring, health and recycling features
4. Are you using the Runtime State and Control API (RSCA) for monitoring/management?
5. Are you running a legacy application on IIS7?
6. Dynamic Configuration – are you modifying system or application pool configurations in the code? (AppHostAdminLibrary)

References

IIS 7.0 Extend Your WCF Services Beyond HTTP With WAS

http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/07/09/WAS/default.aspx

IIS homepage

http://www.iis.net/

ETA 1 day.

All in all, so far it’s smooth.  The drive is currently encrypting which takes a while – at about 11% one hour later.  I have a 7200 rpm 200 GB drive.  Even unallocated space gets encrypted but they’ve optimized performance in that area – http://blogs.technet.com/bitlocker/

I didn’t prepare for Bitlocker though, only creating a single huge partition.  Luckily the Bitlocker Drive Preparatin Tool handles this.  As I’m writing it just finished preparation – it took some free space from C: and created an S: partition of 1.5gb which will be the active partition.  Hopefully I’ll reboot and things will work.

I’m interested in Bitlocker’s affect on speed and performance.  So I’ve created a few informal tests to time things, though I expect the difference to be low – as the product team says, it’s in the single digit percentages.

http://blogs.msdn.com/junfeng/archive/2004/08/24/219691.aspx

http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html

]]> http://chrisweber.wordpress.com/2007/09/07/turning-the-pages/feed/ 0 chrisweber http://chrisweber.wordpress.com/2007/04/23/i18n-input-validation-whitelist-filter-with-systemglobalization-and-getunicodecategory/ http://chrisweber.wordpress.com/2007/04/23/i18n-input-validation-whitelist-filter-with-systemglobalization-and-getunicodecategory/#comments Tue, 24 Apr 2007 06:48:20 +0000 chrisweber http://chrisweber.wordpress.com/2007/04/23/i18n-input-validation-whitelist-filter-with-systemglobalization-and-getunicodecategory/ ]]> Maybe you’re building internationalized code and wondering how to build a whitelist filter that will support all the different character sets your planning to support. If you support more than ten, especially some of the larger east Asian sets, this might seem like an unwieldy or tricky process.
Well luckily it’s easier than most people would think. Building a good input validation filter can be simplified with .Net’s GetUnicodeCategory. But use the method from the System.Globalization namespace as the other one in System.Char looks like it may become the subordinate.

With GetUnicodeCategory you can simply build a whitelist supporting the character categories you want to allow. So get away from thinking you have to write a regEx filter and list out all the character ranges you want to allow in each character set, it’s much simpler than that!

The Unicode standard assigns ever character to one of about 31 categories. They make sense too, for example Other Control charactes (Cc) , Lowercase Letter (Ll), Uppercase Letter (Lu), Math Symbol (Sm). So for example you might want to only allow letters, numbers, and punctuation in your whitelist. This could be achieved with the following snippet:


char cUntrustedInput; // the untrusted user-input
UnicodeCategory cInputTest = CharUnicodeInfo.GetUnicodeCategory(cUntrustedInput);
if (cTestCategory == UnicodeCategory.LowercaseLetter ||
cTestCategory == UnicodeCategory.UppercaseLetter ||
cTestCategory == UnicodeCategory.DecimalDigitNumber ||
cTestCategory == UnicodeCategory.TitlecaseLetter ||
cTestCategory == UnicodeCategory.OtherLetter ||
cTestCategory == UnicodeCategory.NonSpacingMark ||
cTestCategory == UnicodeCategory.DashPunctuation ||
cTestCategory == UnicodeCategory.ConnectorPunctuation)
{
// character looks safe, continue
}
else
{
// character is not allowed, fail
}


Not too bad eh.

http://www.fortifysoftware.com/advisory.jsp

ScottGu from Microsoft responds as to why ASP.NET AJAX is not so vulnerable to this issue.  Doesn’t look like the best solution (basically the server requires an HTTP header Content-Type: application/json or it ignores the request).

http://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/archive/2007/04/04/json-hijacking-and-how-asp-net-ajax-1-0-mitigates-these-attacks.aspx

Michael Howard gives explanation as to why /GS did not protect this type of function, and how it can actually be made to.

http://blogs.msdn.com/michael_howard/archive/2007/04/03/hardening-stack-based-buffer-overrun-detection-in-vc-2005-sp1.aspx